Where is Liaoning
Liaoning province, abbreviated as "Liao", is situated at the southern part of northeast China (118 53'-125 46' east longitude, 38 43'-43 26' north latitude). The widest distance from the east to the west is 550km, while from the south to the north is 550 km. Liaoning is a key link between China's northeast economic zone and the Bohai Sea Rim economic zone. Liaoning is contiguous to Jilin province on the northeast, bordering on the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region on the northwest, adjoining Hebei province on the southwest. It overlooks the Bohai and Yellow Seas in the south, and faces the Democratic People's Republic of Korea over the Yalu River. Its boundary line is over 200km long . Liaoning is a vital communication line from the northeast region to inside Shanhaiguan Pass,as well as an important gateway and a forward belt for the northeast region and the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region leading to the outside world and connecting the Eurasian Continental Bridge.

Liaoning covers a total land area of 145,900 square km ( accounting for 1.5 percent of China's total), among which there are 87,200 square km of mountainous area ( taking 59.8 percent ), 48,700 square km of level ground area ( occupying 33.4 percent ), 10,000 square km of water area ( holding 6.8 percent ); while Liaoning possesses a sea area of 150,200 square km, with Bohai Sea region taking 78,300 square km, with North Yellow Sea region taking 71,900 square km. The coastal line starts in the east from the mouth of Yalu River, ending in the west in Laolongtou of Shanhaiguan Pass. The total coastal line of Liaoning province stretches 2,178 km, occupying 12 percent of China's total. Liaoning's islands line is 622 km long, ( taking 4.4 percent of China's islands line), with 506 inshore islands and islets, covering 187.7 square km. The major islands along the Yellow Sea are: the Outer Changshan Archipelago, the Inner Changshan Archipelago, the Shicheng Archipelago, Great and Little Deer islands; while the main islands along Bohai Sea are the Chrysanthemum Island, the Great and Little Pen Rack mountains, the Changxing Island, the Fengming Island, the Xizhong Island, the East & West Ant Islands, the Huping Island, the Pig Island and the Snake Island.

Climate of Liaoning

Liaoning province lies in the east of the Eurasian Continent. It features temperate continental monsoon climate with a long winter, a warm summer and a short spring and autumn. The province receives annual sunlight radiation ranging from 100-200 calories per square cm, and 2100-2600 hours of sunlight with average temperature of 7-11o C. It enjoys 130- 200 days frost free period and 600- 1100 mm of precipitation every year. The annual rainfall is 1100 mm in the east hilly area; while in the west hilly region which is connected with Inner Mongolian plateau, the yearly precipitation is 400 mm. The rainfall in central plain is moderate with about 600 mm per year.

Population & Nationality of Liaoning

The current population of Liaoning province is 40,900,000, accounting for 3.4% of the mainland's total. It ranks the twelfth in terms of population among the provinces, cities and autonomous regions. There are 21,300,000 urban residents,taking52.13% of provincial total. The implementation of the family panning policy was first introduced in 1970 aiming at controlling the growth of the population and improving the quality of population. The population growth rate remains fairly low in 1990s. At present time, the population birth rate of the province remains about 12% , and natural growth rate 6% . With the development of social economy, education and industry of medical health care, the general cultural quality and health condition is constantly improving. There 34 million people with different educational background among those who are above 6 years old,accounting for 83.1% of provincial total. 261 people out of every 10,000 are university graduates; 4, 554 with high.

Nationalities

Liaoning is a multi-nationality province with 44 nationalities in the province. Besides Han nationality, there are 43 minority nationalities, such as the Manchu, the Mongolian, the Hui, the Korean and the Sibo. The minority population is 6,550,000, making up 16% of the provincial total. In early 1950s, the Fuxin and Kazuo Autonomous counties of Mongolian nationality were established in response to the central people's government's policy towards minority nationalities. Since the reform, another six autonomous counties of Man nationality were formed in Xinbin, Qingyuan, Xiuyan, Benxi, Huairen and Kuandian, together with 35 minority nationality towns and 105 national minority villages.

Ocean Resources in Liaoning

Along the coast of Liaoning province, there have stored abundant sea resources and natural tourist resources. In its sea territory and favorable natural conditions of its coast regions,there is a great potentiality for developing the sea resources.

Sea species
The total number of species of sea living beings is more than 520 . Among them 107 are plankton, 280 are shallow habituating living beings and 137 are nektons, including cephalopod, and mammals. 80 and more species of sea living beings which have economic values have been utilized by the fishery. Among them 30 and more fish species have been developed and the main fish species are spot fish , flat fish , perch, green face fin, and lion fish etc.. In offshore fish species, there are yellow sea perch carp, yellow croaker and silver pomfret. Major precious sea foods are trepang (sea cucumber) with splinters, disk abalone, scallop (fan shell) etc.. In shrimp species, there are Chinese prawn, Chinese shrimp, eagle feet prawn and crawdad etc..In crabs species, there are swimming crab, Japanese crab, Chinese chela or river pincers. In shellfish species, there are clam,clam with four splinters, oyster. In shallow sea shellfish species, there are blood clam, Kui blood clam, red sea snail etc.. Other sea food resources are jellyfish, kelp, sea weeds and laver.

Marine mineral
A large number of different marine mineral resources scatter on the vast sea area of Liaoning province. The major marine mineral resources which have been investigated and explored are petroleum, natural gas, iron, coal, sulphur, rock salt, manganese nodule, heavy sand mine and soft sea soil containing many kinds of metals (so called hydrothermal deposits) . Petroleum and natural gas are mainly distributed in Liaodong gulf and the estimated oil resource is about 750 million tons. The estimated reserve of natural gas is approximately 100 billion cubic meters. It has been explored that the oil reserve of 125 million tons and natural gas reserve of 13.5 billion cubic meters are worth to be recovered. In offshore sand mine,thereare diamond, alluvial gold, zircon, cast sand and gravel. All these sea mineral resources have a great development potentiality.

Marine Energy
The reserve of marine energy source in Liaoning province is about 7 million kilowatts. Among them the tidal energy which have good development prospect is 1.936 million kilowatts and the theoretical installed capacity is below 5 million kilowatts.

Tour
Liaoning province has different kinds of coastal tourist resources, and its coastal sea landscapes distribute mainly in west coast and southern part of the Liaodong peninsula. Among the well-known scopes are coastal karst topographic land scape in Jinzhou gulf of Dalian city, corroded pillars and tunnels in southern Dalian and Lushun, Great Pen Rack mountain in Jinzhou city and the Chrysanthemum Island in Xingcheng city. The coastal wet landscapes distribute mainly in top region of Liaodong gulf, river mouth of Liao river and the vast region from mouth of Yalu river to that of Dayang river. In these regions, there are broad reed field and different wild animals and beasts on the swamp area. They are valuable for tourism and scientific research. Along coastal region of Liaoning, there are 72 seaside resorts which are the best places for spending holiday.

Water Resources in Liaoning
In Liaoning province there are 392 large and small rivers,and their total length is more than 160,000 kilometers. The major rivers are Liao River, Hun River,Taizi River, Yalu River, Daling River and Xiaoling River. Liao River is one of the seven longest rivers and it is converged from West Liao river which rises in Guangtoushan mountain of Qilaotu mountains in Hebei province and East Liao river which rises in Hadaling mountain in Jilin province. The confluence of both its tributaries is at Guyushu in northern part of Liaoning province. The total length of Liao river in Liaoning province is 512 kilometers and its river basin area is 69,000 square kilometers.Yalu river is the border one between China and D.P.R.K.,and it is the second longest river inside the border of Liaoning province. It rises in Tianchi Lake of Changbai mountain of Jilin province and flows through Jilin province. At the mouth of Hunjiang river it flows into Liaoning province, then it is divided into two tributaries at Donggang city and finally it flows into Yellow sea. Its flow length in Liaoning province is 218 kilometers and the river basin area is 62, 000 square kilometers. The annual average discharge of all rivers calculated during many years is 32. 5 billion cubic meters and is equivalent to runoff depth of 223 millimeters. The synthetic compensation capacity of underground water is 11. 1 billion cubic meters and the recovered capacity is 6 billion cubic meters.Sub-strutting ground surface water and the repeated capacity of underground water, the total capacity of water resources in Liaoning province is 36.3 billion cubic meters.

Liaoning province locates in monsoon climate region of temperate zone and the compensation of water resources depends mainly on precipitation of atmosphere. The annual average total precipitation is 100 billion cubic meters. The precipitation concentrates in period from June to September, therefore it is important to develop and utilize the water resources.Since the foundation of new China, a large number of irrigation works have been built up successively in Liaoning province. To date there are 930 large, intermediate and small reservoirs in Liaoning province and their total capacity is more than 32.5 billion cubic meters. The capacities of both Dahuofang reservoir in Fushun and Guanyinge reservoir in Benxi all exceed 2 billion cubic meters. The theoretical reserve capacity of water resources in Liaoning province is 1. 752 million kilowatts and the installed capacity which can be exploited is 1.633 million kilowatts. To date 4 large and intermediate hydropower stations and 119 small hydropower stations have been set up and the total installed capacity which has been utilized is 908, 000 kilowatts.

Aquatic Product Resources in Liaoning

In vast offshore regions of Liaoning province,there are abundant resources of aquatic products and living beings. The number of their species and categories is more than 520 in 3 classes. There are 117 fishes and swimming living things in shallow sea habitat which can be directly utilized or caught in fishery work. The major fish species are yellow croaker, small yellow croaker, hairtail, Spanish mackerel, chub mackerel, pomfret, left-eyed flounder, fareast sardine etc.. There are 20 and more prawn or shrimp species, such as Chinese prawn, shrimp, black shrimp etc.. There are 10 or more crab species, such as swimming crab, Chinese river crab. There are 20 or more shellfish species, such as blood clam, clam and razor clam etc.. There are still many cephalopod species, such as spear cuttlefish and gold inkfish etc. and medusa species, such as jellyfish. The sea breasts are finback whale, seal etc

The area of offshore regions in Liaoning province is 6. 4 million hectares and the area of the shallow sea depth of which is below 10 meters is 773,000 hectares. The shallow sea areas can be used to develop sea farming. Up to date,in the sea area which has been utilized, there is only 18.4% of what may be developed. Therefore, there is great potentiality in the area of sea-farming. The major sea products from sea- farming are mussel, fanshell, sea cucumber, kelp, skirt vegetable, abalone and large clam, etc.. The annual output of shallow sea farming in the province is only 500,000 tons or more. The area of beach land between tides is 162, 000 hectares and the usable area of tiding beach is 17, 000 hectares. The beach area on which dikes for sea farming can be built is 60,000 hectares and 31,000 hectares have been exploited, which constitute only 51. 7% of the exploitable area.

Survey of Liaoning Province

Liaoning which lies in the northeast of China and situates in round-Bohai economic region is an important industrial base. The traditional industry is the main body accompanied by a certain-scale modern industry. With a lot of large and medium-sized representative state-owned enterprises. Liaoning industry starting at the end of the last century and the beginning of the this century has developed into an important industrial base, including Anshan, Fushun, Benxi, Dandong, Jinzhou, Yingkou, Fuxin, Liaoyang, panjin, Huludao, Chaoyang, and Tieling ,in which Shenyang city was taken as the core, Dalian city as the trading port. There are 32,000 industrial enterprises in the whole province, including 1,587 large & medium- sized ones accounting for about one-tenth of the whole nation, 5,351 are the state-run, 24,736 are the collective, 1,691 are the foreign-venture (inc. Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan investment). There are 5.91 million staff members in the total enterprises. The independent accounting units of the whole province possess RMB 269,900 million of original. In 1995 the total output value of village and above-village-level industry of the whole province amounted to 354.4 billion yuan, an increase of 18.4% comparing that in 1994. Of those, light-industry total output valued at 86.4 billion yuan, 6.9% higher than that of 1994; heavy-industry total output value reached 268 billion yuan, increased by 8.5%; sales value amounted to 339.6 billion yuan, an increase of 12.3%, producing and marketing rate is 94.6%; light-industry sales value hit 81.4 billion yuan, an increase of 19.6%; heavy-industry sales value fulfilled 258.2 billion yuan , soaring 10.2%; increasing value fulfilled is 102.3 billion yuan which increased by 4.7% as per the comparison caliber; light-industry increasing value amounted to 25.3 billion yuan which increased by 7.3% ;heavy-industry increasing value achieved 77 billion yuan which increased by 3.6%.

FEATURES & SUPERIORITY OF LIAONING INDUSTRY ARE AS FOLLOWS:

1. Layout Is Rather Rational.

The two major industrial zones obviously characterize. Liaoning in- dustrial layout is comparatively concentrated and distinct. It forms the two major industrial zones in central-part cities and coastal areas. The two industrial zones have individual features and industrial system with great varieties. In central-part cities industrial zone: there are machinery, electronics, medical pharmaceutical, chemical, automobile, aviation, textile, light and nonferrous metallurgical industry in Shenyang, coal, electric power, petrochemical, iron-steel industry in Fushun and Fuxin, chemical fiber industry in Liaoyang, iron-steel, building material and textile industry in Anshan and Benxi, electric power and coal industry in Tieling. Taking Shenyang as the center and Shenyang- Dalian freeway as main axis, the industrial zone was formed with a area of about 41,000 square km and industrial output value over 55% of the whole province. Taking Dalian as the center and Dandong, Yingkou, Panjin, Jinzhou, Huludao, Chaoyang as the both flanks, in the coastal areas there are:machinery, shipbuilding, metallurgical electronics light industry, petrochemical, textile, pharmaceutical industry etc. in Dalian, machinery, petrochemical, building material, shipbuilding, chemical industry etc. in Jinzhou, Huludao and Chaoyang, textile, light industry, metallurgical, electronics in- dustry etc. in famous light-industrial base Yingkou and Dandong.

2. Complete System And Categories.

Liaoning is one of provinces with complete industrial categories throughout the country. There are 40 large categories, 197 medium ones, about 500 small ones in the whole provincial industry. Around " Structure optimized, Sc-tech developed, export-oriented affected" three major strategies, the whole province actively carries out " Two high, one finish" (i.e. developing new hi-tech industry, transforming the traditional industry with new hi-tech and procession-finished machining of raw materials), regards petrochemical, metallurgy, electronics and machinery as four major mainstay industries meanwhile taking developing infrastructural industry and re- forming traditional industry into consideration, actively grows newly developed industry, strengthen competitive capacity of industry as well as constantly advance industry structure. At present, there exists stronger capacity in mining, metallurgy, chemical, building material, machining, instrument, electronic-communications, computer software, durable daily articles, some special purpose hi-tech products for special use. There are a lot of representative enterprises in the whole country such as Anshan Iron & Steel Company, Benxi Iron & Steel Co., Wafangdian Bearing Factory, Northeast Nonferrous Group, Dalian Petrochemical Company, Dalian Shipyard, Shenyang Transformer Works, Jinxi Refining & Chemical General Works etc.

3. Solid Foundation.

Liaoning is rich in resources both in term of variety and reserves volume. Found mining products are up to more than 100 kinds and, prospected reserves are 64 types. Among them, iron ore, boron ore, magnesite, diamond, talcum, jade, flux, limestone etc., rank first in national reserves. In addition, the reserves of oil shale, silica, kaolin, quartz, pearlite, betonite, potash ore, molybdenum ore, petroleum etc. are in the forefront of the country. The 3rd largest oil-gas field is located in Panjin. Liaoning industry occupies an important place. In 1994, Liaoning economic gross output value ranked 6th in the country, among which, the first industry ranked 14th, the 2nd industry occupied 5th and the 3rd industry ranked 4th. The industrial total output value of Liaoning village and above-village enterprises ranked 6th in the country, among which stale industry was 3rd, steel products was 1st; iron ingot, steel and soda output-2nd; crude oil, salt-4th, power and chemical fiber output-5th; sulfuric acid output-6th in the country.

4. Liaoning science and technology

With a strong team, complete scientific research, forming a complete sets, possesses stronger ability of surmounting technical problem and developing technology, and establishes a batch of national grade test base equipped with world-advanced inspecting ways, so that the wide-domain research system was made up. In 1994, there were 1,650,000 various professional technical personnel in the state-owned enterprises and institutions ranking 2nd through- out the province. Among them, 390,000 were engineering technical personnel. There were 396 natural science research and technical development organizations of county and above county level, 100 science research and technical development organizations of universities and 824 technical development organizations of large & medium-sized industrial enterprises in the province. The main science and technical units: (in the metallurgy research field),Shenyang Metal Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Northeast University, Liaoning Provincial Metallurgy Research Institute etc. with stronger assaulting ability on ferrous, nonferrous, metal ore-dressing, smelting and machining research; (in the basic science research field), Dalian Chemical & Physical Research Institute etc. are the state key science research institutes;(in the developing technology field), the science research units on electronic technology, computer technology, auto-control technology, vacuum technology,biological technology etc. which have been established.In the other field such as petroleum, chemical, machinery, coal, instrument, diesel-electric locomotive, shipbuilding, dying etc. Are also with the stronger assaulting ability.

5. Transportation Is Quite Flourishing.

Liaoning province is highly urbanized with complete essential installations and developed communication. Transportation and communication network link up all parts of the province by means of railway main trunks, highway main lines, oil piping lines, air lines and port groups. The operations mileage amounts to 3,758 km among which the multiple track is 1,341km, the average railway business mileage is 2.6 km per sq. km. In the whole province, there are black-surfaced roads leading to every county, highway to every village, with total mileage of 42,763 km and all-weather mileage of 35,834 km. The highway quality is improved uninterruptedly.

Shenyang-Dalian all-closed free- way with which the whole course is 375 km has created a precedent in building a freeway in China's mainland and become the golden passageway opening Liaodong peninsula to the outside world. Liaoning coastline is 2,178 km in length. The main coastal ports are: Dalian, Yingkou, Dandong, Jinzhou, Huludao etc., in which there are 142 productive berths, 46 deep-water berths over ten thousand tonnage. The dealing volume of the whole province ports reach 74 million tons. In Liaoning there are 4 airports ---Shenyang, Dalian, Dandong and Chaoyang, 56 regular airlines with 118,000 km.